Role of “Flatten” in Keras

Question

I am trying to understand the role of the Flatten function in Keras. Below is my code, which is a simple two-layer network. It takes in 2-dimensional data of shape (3, 2), and outputs 1-dimensional data of shape (1, 4): model = Sequential() model.add(Dense(16, input_shape=(3, 2))) model.add(Activation('relu')) model.add(Flatten()) model.add(Dense(4)) model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='SGD') x = np.array([[[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]]) y = model.predict(x) print y.shape This prints out that y has shape (1, 4). However, if I remove the Flatten line, then it prints out that y has shape (1, 3, 4). I don't understand this. From my understanding of neural networks, the model.add(Dense(16, input_shape=(3, 2))) function is creating a hidden fully-connected layer, with 16 nodes. Each of these nodes is connected to each of the 3x2 input elements. Therefore, the 16 nodes at the output of this first layer are already "flat". So, the output shape of the first layer should be (1, 16). Then, the second layer takes this as an input, and outputs data of shape (1, 4). So if the output of the first layer is already "flat" and of shape (1, 16), why do I need to further flatten it? Thanks! Select the correct answer from above options

Answer 1

A flatten operation on a tensor reshapes the tensor to have the shape that is equal to the number of elements contained in tensor not including the batch dimension. The following code Dense(16, input_shape=(5,3)) will output a Dense network with 3 inputs and 16 output that would be applied independently for each of 5 steps. So if D(x) transforms 3 dimensional vector to 16-d vector what you'll get as output from your layer would be a sequence of vectors: [D(x[0,:], D(x[1,:],..., D(x[4,:]] with shape (5, 16). In order to have the approach you specify you may first Flatten your input to a 15-d vector and then apply Dense: model = Sequential() model.add(Flatten(input_shape=(3, 2))) model.add(Dense(16)) model.add(Activation('relu')) model.add(Dense(4)) model.compile(loss='mean_squared_error', optimizer='SGD') Hope this answer helps. If you wish to learn more about neural network then visit this Neural Network Tutorial.